Report Description Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Strategic Context The Global Heliport Lighting Market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.8% , rising from USD 93.6 million in 2024 to reach nearly USD 139.5 million by 2030 , according to Strategic Market Research estimates. At first glance, this may seem like a niche space. But look closer — and heliport lighting reveals itself as a critical infrastructure category with ties to defense readiness, medevac response, offshore operations, and urban air mobility. From military forward bases to rooftop helipads at trauma centers , the demand for reliable, regulation-compliant lighting systems is expanding — and fast. What’s changing? For one, there's a global uptick in vertical aviation activity . The post-COVID era saw a renewed emphasis on air medical transport — particularly in rural and underserved regions. Simultaneously, offshore oil rigs and wind energy platforms are increasing the number of heliports with automated lighting. Add to that the growing footprint of urban air mobility (UAM) players — many of whom are designing electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft — and heliport infrastructure needs to evolve in parallel. Another driver: safety mandates and airspace compliance . The ICAO, FAA, and EASA have tightened rules around heliport lighting layouts, intensity levels, and emergency lighting backup. That’s spurring upgrades at both hospital-based helipads and private sector logistics firms using rotary-wing aircraft. OEMs are also reacting. Manufacturers are now bundling solar-powered lighting systems , wireless control modules , and modular approach path indicators into all-in-one solutions tailored for both fixed and temporary heliports. These systems aren’t just lighting a landing zone — they’re becoming part of an integrated navigation and safety ecosystem. Stakeholders here are varied. Helicopter fleet operators , hospital systems , military logistics units , energy firms , and even municipal air mobility planners are involved. And the investment logic is shifting. Heliport lighting is no longer treated as a one-time infrastructure cost — it’s increasingly seen as a recurring modernization cycle, especially where asset uptime and night-flight clearance are mission-critical. To be honest, this isn’t just about lights on a landing pad anymore. It’s about controlling risk in environments where seconds matter and visibility can’t fail. 2. Market Segmentation and Forecast Scope The heliport lighting market segments along functional lines — shaped by the types of helipads in use, regulatory environments, and whether operations are civilian, medical, or military. But increasingly, segmentation is also driven by how lighting systems are designed to integrate with broader infrastructure — from solar power to remote control networks. Let’s break it down. By Product Type Perimeter Lighting This is the most fundamental system — outlining the safe landing area. Perimeter lights account for a substantial portion of installations, especially in hospital, offshore, and temporary military zones. Flood and Obstruction Lights These lights illuminate surrounding hazards (buildings, antennas, cranes). In urban areas and offshore platforms, demand is growing for smart obstruction lighting that syncs with aircraft approach sensors. Approach Lighting Systems (ALS) A key upgrade for heliports transitioning to night-time operations or located in fog-prone areas. ALS includes sequence flashing lights and guidance beams — essential for instrument-based navigation. Helipad Beacon & Wind Cone Lighting These smaller components are essential for orientation and wind direction but often bundled into turnkey systems. Automation and remote activation are now becoming standard features. Control Systems (Wired & Wireless) Control units allow pilots or ATC to adjust lighting remotely, usually via VHF or secure digital protocols. Wireless is growing fast in field-deployed helipads and mobile hospital units. Perimeter and approach lighting together command over 42% of market revenue in 2024 — but the fastest growth is in control systems, especially wireless variants used in forward or offshore deployments. By Application Hospital & Emergency Medical Heliports This segment remains the most consistent user, with new installations driven by trauma center upgrades and faster patient transfer protocols in North America, Europe, and Australia. Offshore Oil & Gas Platforms Compliance-driven spending is high here, especially in the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Southeast Asia. Night-time landings are routine, and lighting must handle saltwater, vibration, and autonomy requirements. Military and Tactical Installations Defense forces are adopting solar-powered, rapidly deployable lighting systems that can be packed, reconfigured, and airlifted. Growth in this segment is modest but steady — driven more by upgrades than new builds. Urban Air Mobility (UAM) This is the wildcard. Still nascent, but with eVTOL testing expanding, heliport lighting systems are being adapted for small-footprint, rooftop, and drone-hybrid landing pads. Expect rapid adoption post-2027 if UAM becomes certifiable at scale. Medical heliports remain the anchor segment today, but UAM is poised to deliver the fastest CAGR, especially in developed megacities. By End User Hospitals & Healthcare Networks Oil & Gas Operators Defense Ministries Civil Aviation Authorities Private Fleet Operators (EMS, tourism, logistics) Urban Planning Agencies Each of these groups is adopting heliport lighting for different reasons: compliance, safety, uptime, or future-proofing against next-gen aerial mobility. By Region North America Europe Asia Pacific Latin America Middle East & Africa We’ll dive into these in detail in the regional section, but here’s a hint: Europe and North America lead in regulatory maturity, while Asia Pacific is showing the sharpest infrastructure spending curve. 3. Market Trends and Innovation Landscape The heliport lighting market isn’t just evolving — it’s modernizing fast, driven by a mix of safety regulations, automation needs, and the promise of urban air mobility. While the core components haven’t changed dramatically, how these systems operate, communicate, and integrate into wider aviation networks has shifted notably. Let’s take a closer look at what’s driving the next wave of innovation. Wireless and Remote-Activated Lighting Is Going Mainstream For decades, heliport lighting was hardwired, manually switched, and fixed in place. That’s no longer viable for dynamic environments like emergency deployments or offshore maintenance stops. Now, VHF radio-controlled and Bluetooth-enabled systems are enabling pilots to activate lights directly from the cockpit. Some models even offer smartphone-based access for ground teams. What’s more, mesh-networked lighting systems — where each unit communicates with its neighbors — are being tested for rapid deployment in military and disaster relief zones. One U.S. air medevac operator reported cutting setup time by 70% after switching to wireless control pads for its rural hospital helipads. Solar-Powered Units Are Reshaping Temporary and Remote Heliports Solar is no longer just a green add-on — it’s becoming the power source of choice in areas where grid access is limited or too costly. OEMs are shipping fully self-contained lighting kits with: Integrated solar panels Rechargeable lithium batteries Motion sensors or dusk/dawn activation These are especially popular with defense clients and oil platforms, where reliability and portability are non-negotiable. Solar models have also improved in weatherproofing and light intensity — closing the gap with conventional AC-powered units. Smart Diagnostics and Condition Monitoring Are Emerging Features Higher-end heliport systems now include real-time monitoring dashboards that report: Lamp status and battery level Last activation time Faults or interference detection This helps airport or hospital operators schedule proactive maintenance and ensure 24/7 readiness — particularly critical in trauma centers . Expect these tools to become standard over the next 3 years, especially as uptime penalties grow. UAM-Ready Lighting Is a Real Investment Category Now With several cities (e.g., Los Angeles, Dubai, Singapore) piloting vertiport networks, lighting vendors are getting ahead of the curve by designing systems that: Work in ultra-compact rooftop layouts Sync with drone detection systems Support vertical GNSS precision approach paths These aren't theoretical anymore. Multiple tenders are out globally for “vertiport lighting trials” — and some vendors are customizing offerings for rooftop hospitals and downtown logistics hubs. Modular and Plug-and-Play Design Is Reducing Installation Time No one wants to rip up concrete or wire through thick roof decks anymore. The latest product lines offer: Pre-cast lighting tiles with embedded electronics Quick-connect trenchless wiring kits Tool-free mounting systems This modularity is proving valuable in leased properties or emergency field use, where heliports need to be installed, certified, and operational in under 48 hours. One European humanitarian NGO now deploys a full night-landing heliport in conflict zones using four crates and six personnel — all with solar, wireless lighting kits. Collaboration Between Aviation Regulators and Tech Firms Is Accelerating The FAA and ICAO are increasingly working with lighting manufacturers to test AI-enhanced hazard detection , pilot-controlled dimming , and AR navigation overlays for night landings. While not yet mainstream, the innovation cycle has clearly shifted: heliport lighting is being treated as part of the aerial safety stack — not just a standalone asset. 4. Competitive Intelligence and Benchmarking The heliport lighting market may look fragmented, but there’s a clear divide between legacy suppliers focused on reliability and newer players pushing automation, solar integration, and UAM readiness. The competitive edge now lies in flexibility — not just illumination power. Below are the leading players and how they’re positioning themselves across market segments: ADB SAFEGATE Arguably the most recognizable name in airfield lighting, ADB SAFEGATE has adapted its core aviation-grade systems to heliport use — especially in high-volume hospital and offshore platforms. They offer ICAO and FAA-certified perimeter and approach lighting systems and have rolled out wireless control units for quick setup. Their products tend to dominate large institutional installations — think major hospital chains and oil rigs. What sets them apart: strong compliance support, global reach, and long-term service contracts. Carmanah Technologies A pioneer in solar-powered aviation lighting , Carmanah has carved out a niche in remote and tactical deployments. Their systems are designed to be installed without trenching, cabling, or AC power — ideal for military, disaster relief, and rural healthcare settings. They also offer self-contained beacons and wind cone lighting , often deployed by NATO and Red Cross partners. Their advantage? Portability, fast deployment, and ruggedness under extreme conditions. Avlite Systems A brand under Sealite , Avlite blends solar technology , LED engineering , and wireless control into heliport-specific lighting kits. They’ve built a strong customer base in Asia-Pacific and the Middle East, often targeting ministries of health and oil firms seeking self-sustaining helipad infrastructure. Avlite’s Heliport Lighting Systems (HLS) are ICAO Annex 14-compliant and come in modular kits — from basic perimeter setups to complete ALS configurations. Avlite is often seen as the “go-to” vendor for remote heliport lighting in emerging markets. Flight Light Inc. An established U.S. firm with a diverse catalog , Flight Light provides both AC and solar heliport systems — with a focus on FAA-certified products for domestic installations. They’re strong in the hospital heliport segment , often supplying to regional and community healthcare systems. Their offerings include LED floodlights, obstruction lights, and control panels , backed by customization services. Strength: affordability, made-in-USA compliance, and broad product compatibility. FEC Heliports One of the few companies exclusively focused on heliport lighting and infrastructure , FEC Heliports brings both products and consulting to the table. They offer rooftop systems for hospitals, flush-mount lighting for elevated pads, and temporary kits for tactical use. FEC is also expanding into UAM-ready landing zones , collaborating with vertiport developers to define new lighting protocols. Their reputation is built on installation support and regulatory navigation , making them a popular choice for first-time heliport projects. Heliport Systems, Inc. A smaller U.S.-based player, Heliport Systems specializes in LED-based modular lighting and custom control interfaces. They cater mainly to civil aviation departments and private air transport operators. Their competitive edge lies in user-friendly, compact designs that can be retrofitted on older helipads. Competitive Dynamics at a Glance To be honest, this isn’t a winner-takes-all space — but companies that bundle lighting with control, diagnostics, and compliance support are ahead of the curve. 5. Regional Landscape and Adoption Outlook Heliport lighting adoption doesn’t follow typical aviation growth patterns. It’s not just about air traffic — it’s about how seriously a region treats medevac readiness, offshore energy access, or military flexibility. That’s why the landscape is both uneven and full of opportunity. Let’s walk through it region by region. North America The U.S. is the most mature heliport lighting market, driven by three dominant forces: Air medical services — Every major trauma center maintains a helipad, and many are upgrading to wireless-controlled, FAA-compliant systems . Offshore oil operations in the Gulf of Mexico — strict lighting regulations apply to ensure night-landing readiness. Military infrastructure — U.S. bases use portable, solar, and smart control lighting for forward operations. Canada mirrors this in medevac use, especially across remote provinces. One trend gaining ground in both countries: urban hospital rooftop helipads retrofitted with LED and noise-reduction systems , in line with community health policies. Hospitals in California, Texas, and Alberta are leading adopters of modular and solar-integrated systems. Europe Europe combines tight regulation with strong public health infrastructure. The UK, Germany, France, and Nordic countries have some of the most sophisticated heliport lighting protocols, influenced by EASA and ICAO standards. The UK’s NHS has modernized over 200 hospital helipads with LED systems. Germany and Sweden are investing in autonomous diagnostics and remote-control platforms. Offshore platforms in the North Sea (UK, Norway, Netherlands) are also pushing high-end lighting packages with salt and wind-resistant designs. Eastern Europe lags slightly in modernization — but EU-funded emergency response upgrades are driving new heliport builds in Poland, Romania, and the Baltics . Asia Pacific This is where the most rapid growth is happening — but it's mixed. China and India are aggressively building helipads for both trauma centers and disaster response units. Urban regions like Singapore, Tokyo, and Seoul are piloting vertiport-capable lighting systems for future eVTOL operations. Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia and the Philippines , is seeing heliport lighting rolled out on remote islands for medevac and military logistics. Australia is also expanding heliport coverage in its remote interior, often using solar-based systems due to lack of grid access . Several Indian state governments have begun issuing tenders for mobile heliport kits — a key growth area for wireless and solar OEMs. Latin America Adoption here is patchy. Brazil and Mexico lead the way with dedicated hospital helipads, especially in major metros. But public health budgets often prioritize equipment over infrastructure. That said, a few trends are worth watching: Private ambulance and security firms in Colombia and Chile are building out heliport capacity with mid-range lighting systems. NGOs and relief agencies are deploying modular lighting in the Amazon and earthquake-prone zones. Overall, there’s rising demand — but limited institutional readiness slows down procurement cycles. Middle East & Africa In the Middle East , oil producers like Saudi Arabia and the UAE are installing heliport lighting on both energy platforms and new smart hospitals. Rooftop pads in urban Dubai and Riyadh now feature UAM-ready perimeter lighting with automated dimming. Africa is further behind — but not static. South Africa and Kenya are piloting solar heliport kits in rural clinics. UN and Red Cross operations in Central and East Africa are using Carmanah and Avlite portable systems in field hospitals and logistics bases. The key barrier here isn’t demand — it’s funding continuity and trained personnel to maintain systems. Key Takeaways North America and Europe lead in compliance and system upgrades. Asia Pacific is where infrastructure growth is accelerating fastest. Middle East shows high-end investment — often bundled with smart hospital builds. Africa and Latin America need low-cost, solar-first systems — with training and logistics support to match. The opportunity lies not just in lighting — but in delivering systems that are modular, maintainable, and ready for future aerial mobility. 6. End-User Dynamics and Use Case Heliport lighting isn’t bought for aesthetics — it’s purchased for control, safety, and uptime. Each type of end user has a unique operating environment, which shapes how lighting systems are evaluated, installed, and managed. What works for an oil rig doesn’t fly at a children’s hospital. And what a military outpost demands can’t be replicated by a city planning office. Let’s break down who’s buying — and what they actually need. Hospitals and Trauma Networks This is the most mature and visible segment, especially in the U.S., Canada, UK, and Australia. Hospitals require: Perimeter and floodlighting that meets FAA/EASA standards Control panels that can be accessed from ER dispatch or remotely by pilots Low-noise, low-light pollution systems , especially for rooftop helipads in urban zones These buyers value vendor reputation, after-sales support, and ease of retrofit . Many hospital networks now use a standardized lighting package across multiple locations. One urban trauma center in Seattle recently replaced legacy incandescent helipad lighting with LED units, slashing maintenance downtime by 60% and improving night approach visibility during fog conditions. Oil and Gas Operators Heliport lighting here isn’t optional — it’s regulatory. Platforms in the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and South China Sea require round-the-clock readiness for emergency evacuations and shift changes. What matters most? Corrosion resistance and IP67+ waterproofing Redundant power (solar + grid + battery) Integration with deck operations and marine radar systems Operators often purchase full-system kits, including wind cone lighting , obstruction beacons , and self-test diagnostics . These clients don’t just want installation — they want maintenance contracts bundled in. Military and Tactical Users Think flexibility, not permanence. These users prioritize: Rapid deployment (under 30 minutes) Solar or generator-powered lighting Wireless activation via secure radio Units like Carmanah’s solar kits are a staple in NATO logistics operations. U.S. forces have even tested drone-deployed heliport lighting in temporary bases. Durability and simplicity win here. The fewer cables and fewer tools needed, the better. Civil Aviation and City Planners In cities exploring urban air mobility , heliport lighting is entering the conversation for the first time. These buyers are looking for: UAM-compliant rooftop lighting Energy-efficient systems with adaptive brightness Systems that integrate with broader ATC or drone traffic control Right now, it's mostly planning and pilots. But by 2027, these users could become a top growth driver — especially in Dubai, Singapore, Seoul, and Los Angeles . Private Operators (EMS, Charter, Tourism) This is a fragmented group, but they’re active in Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia , and U.S. regional markets . Their purchases are typically: Small-scale (1–2 pad setups) Price-sensitive Focused on easy installation and low upkeep These users often install lighting at private resorts, temporary bases, or event sites . OEMs that offer plug-and-play solar systems with minimal documentation hurdles have a strong edge. Use Case: Modular Lighting for Emergency Trauma Response In 2024, a regional health authority in Queensland, Australia, responded to increased flood-related helicopter evacuations by deploying five mobile helipads across remote hospitals. These were equipped with: Solar-powered perimeter lights VHF pilot-controlled activation LED wind cone lighting with dusk sensors Setup took under 6 hours per site. Within the first month, over 60 emergency landings were completed at night — with zero missed landings or lighting failures. The project cost less than upgrading a single permanent pad and offered state-wide flexibility during future flood seasons. It’s now being replicated in other parts of Australia. 7. Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints The past two years have seen a subtle but meaningful shift in how heliport lighting is designed, procured, and talked about. It’s no longer a back-office facilities purchase — it’s becoming a frontline decision tied to patient survival, offshore uptime, or readiness for electric air mobility. Let’s look at what’s new, what’s next, and what’s still in the way. Recent Developments (2023–2025) Carmanah Technologies expanded its partnership with the UN Humanitarian Air Service in 2023, supplying portable solar lighting kits for emergency helipads in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. ADB SAFEGATE launched a modular Heliport Lighting Suite in late 2024, compatible with both rooftop urban pads and offshore installations. The system includes wireless control, self-diagnostic software, and LED upgrades . Avlite Systems introduced a solar-integrated wind cone with dusk-activated lighting in early 2025 — designed for ultra-remote installations where maintenance visits are rare. FEC Heliports began collaborating with two U.S.-based vertiport developers to test UAM-compatible landing zone lighting — including low-profile beacon systems and adaptive approach lighting. Flight Light Inc. updated its FAA L-861-compliant heliport lighting kits with optional AR visual overlays for pilot navigation trials in dense urban corridors. Opportunities Urban Air Mobility Infrastructure Buildout Cities are preparing for eVTOL aircraft — and heliport lighting will play a key role. Rooftop pads, vertiports, and hybrid drone-landing sites will require next-gen, compact, adaptive lighting systems that integrate with digital flight networks. Rural and Remote Healthcare Expansion Governments are funding airlift corridors in underserved areas. Lighting vendors can capitalize by offering solar, wireless, and plug-and-play lighting kits for small hospitals or relief stations — especially in Africa, India, and South America. Integrated Lighting + Control + Monitoring Platforms There’s a growing demand for “smart heliport systems” that combine lighting, weather sensors, battery health diagnostics, and VHF control into one dashboard — especially for multi-pad networks (hospitals, oil rigs, military bases). Restraints Capital Constraints in Public Health and Government Sectors Even when demand exists, budgeting cycles are slow — especially in emerging markets where lighting competes with urgent needs like beds or transport. This delays heliport upgrades or leads to partial installs. Regulatory Fragmentation Across Countries FAA, ICAO, EASA, and country-specific aviation bodies all have differing lighting standards. Vendors must maintain multiple SKUs and compliance certifications , slowing down product launches and increasing development costs. To be honest, the demand for heliport lighting isn’t the issue. The real barrier is packaging solutions that are fast to deploy, easy to certify, and low on lifecycle cost. Whoever cracks that equation will lead the next phase. 7.1. Report Coverage Table Report Attribute Details Forecast Period 2024 – 2030 Market Size Value in 2024 USD 93.6 Million Revenue Forecast in 2030 USD 139.5 Million Overall Growth Rate CAGR of 6.8% (2024 – 2030) Base Year for Estimation 2023 Historical Data 2018 – 2022 Unit USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030) Segmentation By Product Type, Application, End User, Geography By Product Type Perimeter Lighting, Flood & Obstruction Lights, Approach Lighting Systems, Helipad Beacon & Wind Cone, Control Systems By Application Hospital & Emergency Medical Heliports, Offshore Oil & Gas Platforms, Military Installations, Urban Air Mobility By End User Hospitals & Healthcare Networks, Oil & Gas Operators, Defense Ministries, Civil Aviation Authorities, Private Operators By Region North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa Country Scope U.S., Canada, UK, Germany, China, India, Japan, Brazil, UAE, South Africa Market Drivers - Expansion of air medical and trauma services - Rise of UAM and rooftop vertiport planning - Demand for solar and wireless lighting solutions Customization Option Available upon request Frequently Asked Question About This Report Q1. How big is the heliport lighting market? The global heliport lighting market is valued at USD 93.6 million in 2024. Q2. What is the CAGR for the heliport lighting market during the forecast period? The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.8% from 2024 to 2030. Q3. Who are the major players in the heliport lighting market? Key companies include ADB SAFEGATE, Carmanah Technologies, Avlite Systems, Flight Light Inc., FEC Heliports, and Heliport Systems, Inc. Q4. Which region leads in heliport lighting adoption? North America leads due to strong medevac infrastructure, offshore oil operations, and regulatory compliance systems. Q5. What’s driving growth in the heliport lighting market? Growth is fueled by expanding air ambulance services, solar and wireless system adoption, and the rise of UAM/vertiport infrastructure. 9. Table of Contents for Heliport Lighting Market Report (2024–2030) Executive Summary Market Overview Market Attractiveness by Product Type, Application, End User, and Region Strategic Insights from Key Executives Historical Market Size and Future Projections (2018–2030) Summary of Market Segmentation by Product Type, Application, End User, and Region Market Share Analysis Leading Players by Revenue and Market Share Market Share Analysis by Product Type, Application, and End User Investment Opportunities in the Heliport Lighting Market Key Developments and Innovations Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Partnerships High-Growth Segments for Investment Market Introduction Definition and Scope of the Study Market Structure and Key Findings Overview of Top Investment Pockets Research Methodology Research Process Overview Primary and Secondary Research Approaches Market Size Estimation and Forecasting Techniques Market Dynamics Key Market Drivers Challenges and Restraints Impacting Growth Emerging Opportunities for Stakeholders Impact of Technological, Regulatory, and Operational Trends Global Heliport Lighting Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2018–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Product Type: Perimeter Lighting Flood & Obstruction Lights Approach Lighting Systems Helipad Beacon & Wind Cone Control Systems (Wired and Wireless) Market Analysis by Application: Hospital & Emergency Medical Heliports Offshore Oil & Gas Platforms Military and Tactical Installations Urban Air Mobility Market Analysis by End User: Hospitals & Healthcare Networks Oil & Gas Operators Defense Ministries Civil Aviation Authorities Private Fleet Operators Market Analysis by Region: North America Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Middle East & Africa Regional Market Analysis North America Heliport Lighting Market Market Size and Volume Forecasts Analysis by Product Type, Application, and End User Country-Level Breakdown: United States, Canada Europe Heliport Lighting Market Market Size and Volume Forecasts Analysis by Product Type, Application, and End User Country-Level Breakdown: UK, Germany, France, Nordics, Eastern Europe Asia-Pacific Heliport Lighting Market Market Size and Volume Forecasts Country-Level Breakdown: China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, Australia Latin America Heliport Lighting Market Market Size and Volume Forecasts Country-Level Breakdown: Brazil, Mexico, Chile Middle East & Africa Heliport Lighting Market Market Size and Volume Forecasts Country-Level Breakdown: UAE, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Kenya Key Players and Competitive Analysis ADB SAFEGATE Carmanah Technologies Avlite Systems Flight Light Inc. FEC Heliports Heliport Systems, Inc. Appendix Abbreviations and Terminologies Used in the Report References and Data Sources List of Tables Market Size by Product Type, Application, End User, and Region (2024–2030) Regional Market Breakdown by Segment Type (2024–2030) List of Figures Market Drivers, Restraints, and Opportunities Regional Market Snapshot Competitive Landscape by Market Share Growth Strategies Adopted by Key Players Market Share by Product Type and Application (2024 vs. 2030)