Report Description Table of Contents Kelly Drive Market Size (2024–2030): Statistical Snapshot The Global Kelly Drive Market is valued at USD 7.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach approximately USD 10.3 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.1%, driven by the increasing integration of urban mobility solutions, growing demand for resilient public spaces, and advancements in digital infrastructure. Segment Breakdown By Solution Type Urban Mobility dominates with 42% share (USD 3.02 billion in 2024), driven by the need for sustainable transportation systems and smart traffic management. Real Estate & Public Space holds 36% share (USD 2.59 billion), supported by urban regeneration and the demand for mixed-use developments along major corridors. Digital Infrastructure accounts for 22% share (USD 1.59 billion), driven by the expansion of smart city technologies and real-time data management systems. By Application Transport dominates with 45% share (USD 3.24 billion in 2024), driven by investments in electric mobility, public transportation systems, and last-mile connectivity solutions. Mixed-Use Real Estate holds 32% share (USD 2.30 billion), supported by urban revitalization projects aimed at creating live-work-play communities along iconic corridors like Kelly Drive. Public Health & Recreation accounts for 13% share (USD 0.94 billion), with demand driven by the push for green spaces and recreational infrastructure in cities. ESG/Resilience represents 10% share (USD 0.72 billion), propelled by climate action initiatives and the integration of sustainability in urban planning. By End User City Agencies dominate with 40% share (USD 2.88 billion in 2024), driven by government-led urban mobility projects and public space development initiatives. Real Estate Owners hold 30% share (USD 2.16 billion), supported by rising demand for mixed-use development along well-connected transportation corridors. Mobility Operators account for 18% share (USD 1.30 billion), with growth driven by increased investment in public transport infrastructure and electric vehicle integration. Community Stakeholders represent 12% share (USD 0.86 billion), driven by local community-driven initiatives to improve livability and public engagement. By Region North America dominates with 42% share (USD 3.02 billion), led by ongoing urban mobility upgrades, mixed-use developments, and smart city initiatives. Europe holds 30% share (USD 2.16 billion), supported by strong regulatory frameworks and growing urban sustainability efforts in major cities. Asia-Pacific accounts for 18% share (USD 1.30 billion), driven by rapid urbanization and government investments in green urban infrastructure. Rest of World (RoW) represents 10% share (USD 0.72 billion), with growing interest in urban regeneration and sustainable infrastructure in emerging markets. Trending Application / Technology Section Why Emerging Trends Matter As cities around the world transform into smart, sustainable urban ecosystems, the Kelly Drive market is increasingly shaped by trends in mobility, real estate development, and digital infrastructure, which collectively drive urban regeneration and climate resilience. Key Emerging Trends & Growth Impact Electric Mobility Integration Estimated CAGR: 8.3% Projected Market Size (2030): USD 2.0 billion As cities push for low-carbon transport solutions, electric mobility systems, including electric buses and shared e-mobility solutions, are expected to play a major role in shaping the Kelly Drive market. Sustainable Urban Regeneration Estimated CAGR: 6.5% Projected Market Size (2030): USD 1.8 billion The demand for mixed-use developments and community-focused green spaces is leading to a shift towards sustainable urban regeneration initiatives along iconic corridors like Kelly Drive. Smart City Technologies Estimated CAGR: 7.1% Projected Market Size (2030): USD 1.3 billion The rise in smart infrastructure such as real-time traffic management systems, IoT-enabled public services, and data-driven decision-making is fueling growth in the digital infrastructure segment. Resilience & Climate Action Estimated CAGR: 5.9% Projected Market Size (2030): USD 0.6 billion Growing concerns over climate change and the need for cities to adapt to extreme weather events is boosting demand for resilient infrastructure, making ESG initiatives a critical growth driver. United States Kelly Drive Market Overview Market Size and CAGR The United States Kelly Drive market is estimated at USD 3.1 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 4.6 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.5%. Why the U.S. Market is Crucial The U.S. urban mobility market is projected to reach USD $300 billion by 2025, driven by the ongoing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), smart transit systems, and sustainable urban mobility solutions, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. U.S. government investments in green infrastructure have increased by 15% over the past three years, reflecting a growing commitment to sustainable and climate-resilient urban development (U.S. Department of Energy). Over 25% of urban areas in the U.S. are actively developing smart city initiatives, leveraging technology to improve transportation, utilities, and public services (National League of Cities). By 2030, it is expected that electric vehicles (EVs) will account for 25% of all vehicle sales in the U.S., contributing to reduced urban congestion and supporting sustainability in urban areas (U.S. Department of Energy). The U.S. Kelly Drive market is projected to reach USD 4.6 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 6.5%, driven by the integration of urban mobility, mixed-use real estate development, and smart infrastructure. Investments in iconic corridors like Kelly Drive are central to shaping the future of urban transport, real estate, and sustainability. Electric mobility solutions along Kelly Drive are gaining traction, with expected expansion in electric buses and shared EVs. This growth is bolstered by the U.S. Department of Energy's initiatives to reduce transportation emissions and promote EV infrastructure. A significant 10% of U.S. cities are now embedding resilience strategies into their urban design and infrastructure, directly influencing markets like Kelly Drive that aim to combine ESG resilience and public-private collaborations to adapt to climate change. How U.S. Market Segmentation Reflects Growth Drivers Urban Mobility growth is supported by federal and state funding initiatives for sustainable transportation. Mixed-Use Real Estate development benefits from U.S. city zoning policies promoting smart urban planning. Public Health & Recreation is gaining momentum through increasing public investment in green spaces and recreational infrastructure. ESG/Resilience initiatives are backed by increasing government support for climate-resilient urban development. Market Deep Dive As cities worldwide push for more livable , resilient, and tech-enabled environments, corridors such as Kelly Drive are evolving from simple roads into multi-modal arteries. They now drive not just transport or real estate activity, but also economic clustering and data-driven public services. In 2024, the strategic context for this market is shaped by urban population growth, the push for carbon reduction, and a new wave of public-private partnerships targeting everything from electric mobility to green infrastructure. Key Macro Forces Are Converging Here: Digital transformation of mobility (from real-time transit data to integrated ticketing) Climate and ESG mandates forcing cities and developers to reimagine streetscapes The growing demand for live-work-play neighborhoods supported by retail, culture, and recreation Stakeholders in this market are wide-ranging. City governments and regional authorities are setting the regulatory and incentive frameworks. Real estate developers and infrastructure operators are designing and maintaining new corridors and mixed-use sites. Technology firms—from mobility platforms to IoT infrastructure providers—are enabling smart services, energy optimization, and safety systems. Meanwhile, institutional investors, venture capital, and infrastructure funds are making long-term bets on “corridor urbanism” as a future growth engine. It’s clear the Kelly Drive Market is now a testbed for the next generation of urban economic development. Corridors that can blend mobility, real estate value, and data-driven amenities are shaping how cities compete for residents, jobs, and capital between 2024 and 2030. Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope The Kelly Drive Market breaks out across several critical dimensions, reflecting the interconnected nature of modern urban corridors. Segmentation is typically driven by how cities and private operators approach mobility, land use, digital infrastructure, and end-user engagement. Here’s how the structure usually plays out: By Solution Type Urban mobility solutions make up a foundational layer—this includes everything from shared bike and scooter programs to electric vehicle (EV) charging networks and intelligent traffic systems. Real estate and public space activation—like mixed-use developments, waterfront parks, and cultural hubs—form another segment. The final layer is digital: integrated data platforms, environmental monitoring, and smart lighting or safety systems. By Application Applications extend well beyond mobility. Commercial and residential real estate projects leverage corridor proximity to drive leasing and property value. Public health and recreation applications—think running trails, fitness stations, riverfront event spaces—are increasingly embedded into new developments. There’s also a surge in ESG-linked investment, with sustainability and resilience applications (urban tree canopies, stormwater management, solar canopies) now factoring into corridor ROI calculations. By End User City agencies and public-private partnerships are the dominant end users, setting the vision and making anchor investments. But private sector players—real estate investors, retail operators, tech companies—are close behind. Residents and local businesses ultimately drive recurring value, while tourists and event planners represent seasonal spikes in demand. City and regional government-led projects remain the largest segment by spending, but private investment is scaling up quickly, especially where real estate and digital layers are tightly integrated. By Geography While Kelly Drive itself is a U.S. phenomenon, the “corridor market” model is spreading across North America and Western Europe, and now beginning to show up in Asia Pacific’s new urban districts. Each region brings its own priorities: North America leans heavily on public-private models and mobility innovation Europe focuses on climate, social equity, and digital inclusiveness Asia Pacific is driving corridor development through smart city megaprojects in China, Singapore, and Australia Scope Note: Although these segments are distinct, most successful corridors operate at the intersections. A new mobility hub usually includes retail, flexible workspace, data-enabled safety systems, and green infrastructure. Vendors increasingly bundle solutions—like EV charging with smart street lighting and interactive wayfinding—offering cities a turnkey platform rather than piecemeal upgrades. Market Trends And Innovation Landscape This market is shifting faster than most city leaders or investors anticipated. Over the last few years, several trends have emerged that are fundamentally redefining what a “corridor market” can do—pushing Kelly Drive and similar zones into the vanguard of smart city development. First, mobility is now integrated and digital by default. It’s not just about buses or cars anymore. Corridors like Kelly Drive are serving as pilots for autonomous shuttle services, demand-responsive transit, and dynamic curb management platforms that prioritize loading zones, deliveries, and ride-hail traffic in real time. This digital integration is rapidly expanding as IoT sensors, 5G, and data analytics platforms come online. Another trend: real estate and public space are merging. New mixed-use developments are designed not just for residents, but as “public destinations”—combining ground-floor retail, rooftop parks, event venues, and even temporary pop-up spaces for food, music, or health clinics. Some developers are now measuring project success by foot traffic and digital engagement metrics, not just rents or occupancy rates. Sustainability and ESG are no longer optional. Climate resilience is baked into every serious corridor project. Stormwater capture, permeable pavements, native landscaping, and urban heat island mitigation are standard. On the mobility side, EV charging, solar-powered street furniture, and bike-share integration are being included from day one. Cities that can show progress on these fronts are winning grants and impact investment capital. There’s also an unmistakable push toward hyper-local innovation. Community groups, startups, and local universities are rolling out pilots for everything from pollution sensors to smart trash cans to AR-enabled wayfinding. These grassroots projects often feed data and insights into larger citywide platforms—creating an iterative innovation cycle that is difficult to replicate in more top-down markets. Strategic partnerships are everywhere. Real estate investors are joining forces with mobility-as-a-service ( MaaS ) providers. Utility companies are working with smart lighting vendors. Insurance groups are getting involved, offering products based on corridor-level risk analytics. A city’s ability to broker partnerships across silos is now seen as a competitive advantage for corridor activation. Looking ahead, the next wave of innovation will likely focus on AI-powered mobility planning, predictive maintenance for infrastructure, and immersive digital platforms that blend virtual and physical public space. Early adopters are betting that corridors like Kelly Drive will be at the center of the smart city playbook—not just for the next decade, but well beyond. Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking Competition in the Kelly Drive Market doesn’t look like the classic sectoral match-up—it’s more about who can deliver comprehensive, flexible, and scalable urban solutions. The leading players here range from established infrastructure giants to nimble technology startups, each bringing their own toolkit to corridor activation. AECOM This engineering and infrastructure powerhouse often leads on large corridor redevelopment projects, bringing integrated planning, design, and delivery. Their edge is the ability to bridge public and private interests—balancing government objectives with investor returns. AECOM is known for pilot-testing advanced stormwater systems and green infrastructure on high-visibility urban corridors. Siemens Mobility One of the key players pushing digital mobility platforms, Siemens offers everything from adaptive traffic signals to real-time transit management. Their presence is strong in North America and Europe, where cities want to plug AI-powered controls and IoT monitoring directly into new corridor developments. Siemens’ differentiator is their ecosystem approach—bundling hardware, software, and analytics. Brookfield Properties On the real estate side, Brookfield is investing heavily in mixed-use projects along key city corridors. Their strategy often involves placemaking—blending retail, office, residential, and public amenities in a single integrated footprint. Brookfield stands out for leveraging data (pedestrian flows, tenant activity, event participation) to fine-tune urban environments over time. ChargePoint As electric mobility scales up, ChargePoint is carving out a central role as a corridor infrastructure enabler. Their focus is on dense, urban EV charging deployments that fit seamlessly into both public right-of-way and private parking. Strategic partnerships with property owners and city agencies allow for rapid network expansion. Civic Technologies This software-driven company targets the digital layer of corridor development—delivering real-time data dashboards, citizen engagement platforms, and location analytics for city planners and operators. Their tools are being adopted in pilot projects to optimize everything from traffic flows to emergency response readiness along high-traffic corridors. Philips Lighting (Signify) Smart lighting is now a competitive lever, and Signify is at the front of the pack with adaptive, energy-efficient lighting solutions. Their urban programs go beyond illumination, integrating environmental sensors and wayfinding for a more interactive public realm. Benchmarking Insight Across the board, what sets leaders apart isn’t just technology or capital. It’s the ability to partner—public sector, private sector, community. The fastest movers are those who can take a corridor from single-use to multifunctional, activating retail, mobility, sustainability, and digital layers all at once. And the real winners are finding ways to scale those solutions citywide after proving success on corridors like Kelly Drive. Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook Adoption trends for the Kelly Drive Market model vary sharply by region, shaped by city priorities, available capital, regulatory culture, and urban design legacy. While the “corridor economy” concept began in North America, it’s now a touchpoint for competitive city-building across the globe. North America Cities in the United States and Canada are often first movers. Urban corridors like Kelly Drive are being reimagined with a strong focus on public-private partnerships and mobility innovation. Here, the ability to attract federal infrastructure dollars is crucial, but local leadership in activating underused waterfronts or former industrial zones often sets the pace. The rise of micro-mobility, dense EV charging, and mixed-use redevelopment is most pronounced in this region. Philadelphia’s Kelly Drive, New York’s Hudson Yards, and Toronto’s Waterfront are all case studies in corridor-led urban transformation. Europe European adoption brings a different flavor : the corridor market is less about cars and more about active transport, equity, and climate. Many cities are blending high-capacity transit, pedestrian-first zones, and aggressive ESG mandates. Green infrastructure is a central pillar—think of Paris’s River Seine transformation or Berlin’s “green spine” corridors. EU funding mechanisms for smart city pilots help cities upgrade legacy infrastructure quickly, while strict regulatory standards set a high bar for digital and environmental integration. Asia Pacific Here, smart corridor projects are often driven by scale. Chinese megacities are embedding new mobility and smart infrastructure into massive new districts, sometimes building “corridors” from scratch as part of a top-down city vision. Singapore’s commitment to seamless digital infrastructure and public health along urban corridors is a standout, while Australian cities focus on resilience and green infrastructure in rapidly densifying areas. Urban redevelopment in Asia Pacific is marked by speed, government-led investment, and experimentation with next-gen technologies. Latin America, Middle East, and Africa In these regions, the corridor model is emerging but still faces major funding, governance, and land tenure hurdles. Latin America shows momentum in cities like Medellín and Santiago, where public transit and social programs are being layered onto active urban corridors. In the Middle East, Dubai and Riyadh are incorporating “showcase corridors” with smart tech and green design into new master plans. Africa’s activity is mainly in high-profile, donor-funded pilots—often focused on mobility, solar lighting, and safety improvements along major commuter routes. White space remains significant, especially in regions where basic infrastructure is still catching up. But where capital and political will align, the corridor market is emerging as a shortcut to rapid urban transformation. In sum, while Kelly Drive itself is local, the underlying market dynamic—leveraging urban corridors to accelerate mobility, economic, and community goals—is becoming a global strategy, just tailored to regional realities. End-User Dynamics And Use Case Understanding who actually uses and benefits from the Kelly Drive Market is essential for grasping how value is created and sustained. Each end user brings a distinct set of goals, operational needs, and decision criteria. The interplay between public agencies, private investors, and everyday citizens shapes both the demand for, and the performance of, these corridor markets. City and Regional Agencies Public sector actors remain the anchor end users—planning, funding, and regulating corridor improvements. For them, success is measured by improved mobility, safety, sustainability, and sometimes, direct economic returns. Municipal departments leverage corridors like Kelly Drive as demonstration zones for advanced technologies: smart traffic signals, air quality monitoring, public Wi-Fi, and data-driven maintenance platforms. They are also looking for solutions that reduce congestion and boost transit ridership. Real Estate Owners and Investors Developers, property owners, and institutional investors see corridor proximity as a lever to boost asset value and market appeal. Mixed-use projects adjacent to corridors command higher rents and faster lease-up when they offer easy access to green space, mobility hubs, or cultural amenities. Investors are particularly attracted to sites with integrated infrastructure—EV charging, smart lighting, stormwater management—since these elements increasingly factor into both valuation and regulatory approvals. Technology and Mobility Operators Mobility service providers, from shared bikes and scooters to microtransit operators, rely on active corridors as launch pads for customer growth. Tech vendors use these zones to pilot everything from curb management software to real-time data dashboards. A successful corridor becomes a showcase for mobility-as-a-service platforms and connected infrastructure, attracting more partners and customers. Community Groups and End Users Local residents, businesses, and community organizations play a growing role, especially as participatory planning becomes the norm. These users judge corridor success not just on technical grounds, but on quality of life: walkability, safety, recreational opportunities, and a sense of place. Use Case Highlight A recent example comes from a waterfront redevelopment project modeled after Kelly Drive. City planners faced a spike in demand for both active transport and flood resilience. By deploying smart sensors to monitor pedestrian and cyclist flows, as well as real-time water levels, the corridor team was able to optimize maintenance, prioritize safety interventions, and rapidly respond to extreme weather. The result: higher user satisfaction, reduced downtime after storms, and a noticeable uptick in private investment along the route. This use case underscores how technology, physical space, and community engagement can converge to deliver both resilience and everyday value. Ultimately, end-user dynamics in the Kelly Drive Market are defined by collaboration and adaptability. The corridors that thrive are those where users—from city agencies to neighborhood groups—have a voice and a stake in ongoing improvements. Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints Recent Developments (Last 2 Years) Major U.S. city approved a $150 million investment in multi-modal corridor upgrades, including new EV charging stations, adaptive traffic management, and expanded bike lanes. Real estate investment trust launched a mixed-use development along an urban river corridor, integrating retail, coworking, and smart public space with real-time environmental monitoring. Public-private consortium deployed 5G-enabled IoT infrastructure along a high-traffic boulevard, enabling dynamic curb management and data-driven maintenance scheduling. Tech company partnered with city agencies to pilot AI-powered mobility planning tools, optimizing shuttle and microtransit services for underserved neighborhoods . Urban green infrastructure startup secured funding to install stormwater capture and smart irrigation along key segments of a revitalized corridor, supporting both climate resilience and community engagement. Opportunities Rapid urbanization and population density are fueling corridor redevelopment, particularly in North America and Asia Pacific, where cities are racing to upgrade aging infrastructure. The push for net-zero emissions is driving adoption of electrified transit, EV charging, and integrated green infrastructure across both public and private corridor projects. Advances in digital infrastructure—like real-time data platforms and AI analytics—are opening new revenue streams for mobility operators, real estate owners, and tech vendors. Restraints High upfront capital costs and complex permitting processes remain barriers, especially for cities with limited budgets or fragmented governance structures. A shortage of skilled professionals in corridor planning, digital infrastructure, and mobility management can delay deployment or limit project scope. 7.1. Report Coverage Table Report Attribute Details Forecast Period 2024 – 2030 Market Size Value in 2024 $7.2 Billion Revenue Forecast in 2030 $10.3 Billion Overall Growth Rate CAGR of 6.1% (2024 – 2030) Base Year for Estimation 2024 Historical Data 2019 – 2023 Unit USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030) Segmentation By Solution Type, By Application, By End User, By Geography By Solution Type Urban Mobility, Real Estate & Public Space, Digital Infrastructure By Application Transport, Mixed-Use Real Estate, Public Health & Recreation, ESG/Resilience By End User City Agencies, Real Estate Owners, Mobility Operators, Community Stakeholders By Region North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa Country Scope U.S., Canada, UK, Germany, China, Singapore, Australia, Brazil, UAE, South Africa, etc. Market Drivers - Urbanization & Density - Net-Zero and Sustainability Mandates - Demand for Seamless Mobility & Smart Services Customization Option Available upon request Frequently Asked Question About This Report Q1: How big is the Kelly Drive Market? A1: The global Kelly Drive Market is valued at an $7.2 billion in 2024. Q2: What is the CAGR for the Kelly Drive Market during the forecast period? A2: The market is expected to grow at an 6.1% CAGR from 2024 to 2030. Q3: Who are the major players in the Kelly Drive Market? A3: Leading participants include AECOM, Siemens Mobility, Brookfield Properties, ChargePoint, Civic Technologies, and Philips Lighting (Signify). Q4: Which region dominates the Kelly Drive Market? A4: North America leads due to its advanced urban corridor projects and strong investment in smart mobility and mixed-use real estate. Q5: What factors are driving growth in the Kelly Drive Market? A5: The market is driven by rapid urbanization, the shift to net-zero infrastructure, and strong demand for integrated, tech-enabled public spaces. Table of Contents – Global Kelly Drive Market Report (2024–2030) Executive Summary Market Overview Market Attractiveness by Solution Type, Application, End-User, and Geography Strategic Insights from Key Executives (CXO Perspective) Historical Market Size and Future Projections (2019–2030) Summary of Market Segmentation by Solution Type, Application, End-User, and Region Market Share Analysis Leading Players by Revenue and Market Share Market Share Analysis by Solution Type, Application, and End-User Investment Opportunities in the Kelly Drive Market Key Developments and Innovations Mergers, Acquisitions, and Strategic Partnerships High-Growth Segments for Investment Market Introduction Definition and Scope of the Study Market Structure and Key Findings Overview of Top Investment Pockets Research Methodology Research Process Overview Primary and Secondary Research Approaches Market Size Estimation and Forecasting Techniques Market Dynamics Key Market Drivers Challenges and Restraints Impacting Growth Emerging Opportunities for Stakeholders Impact of Regulatory and Technological Factors Environmental and Sustainability Considerations Global Kelly Drive Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Solution Type: Urban Mobility Real Estate & Public Space Digital Infrastructure Market Analysis by Application: Transport Mixed-Use Real Estate Public Health & Recreation ESG/Resilience Market Analysis by End-User: City Agencies Real Estate Owners Mobility Operators Community Stakeholders Market Analysis by Region: North America Europe Asia-Pacific Latin America Middle East & Africa Regional Market Analysis North America Kelly Drive Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Solution Type, Application, End-User Country-Level Breakdown United States Canada Europe Kelly Drive Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Solution Type, Application, End-User Country-Level Breakdown Germany United Kingdom Asia-Pacific Kelly Drive Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Solution Type, Application, End-User Country-Level Breakdown China Singapore Latin America Kelly Drive Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Solution Type, Application, End-User Country-Level Breakdown Brazil Mexico Middle East & Africa Kelly Drive Market Analysis Historical Market Size and Volume (2019–2023) Market Size and Volume Forecasts (2024–2030) Market Analysis by Solution Type, Application, End-User Country-Level Breakdown UAE South Africa Competitive Intelligence and Benchmarking Leading Key Players: AECOM Siemens Mobility Brookfield Properties ChargePoint Civic Technologies Philips Lighting (Signify) Competitive Landscape and Strategic Insights Benchmarking Based on Product Offerings, Technology, and Innovation Appendix Abbreviations and Terminologies Used in the Report References and Sources List of Tables Market Size by Solution Type, Application, End-User, and Region (2024–2030) Regional Market Breakdown by Segment Type (2024–2030) List of Figures Market Drivers, Challenges, and Opportunities Regional Market Snapshot Competitive Landscape by Market Share Growth Strategies Adopted by Key Players Market Share by Solution Type, Application, and End-User (2024 vs. 2030)