Mobile Positioning System Market By Technology (GNSS, Cellular-Based Positioning, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, Inertial/Sensor-Based); By Application (Navigation & Mapping, Fleet Tracking, Location-Based Advertising, Emergency Services, AR & Gaming); By End User (Telecom Operators, OEMs, Transportation & Logistics, Retail, Public Safety Agencies); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global Mobile Positioning System Market will witness a robust CAGR of 10.1%, valued at USD 10.2 billion in 2024, and expected to surpass USD 18.1 billion by 2030, according to Strategic Market Research.

 

Mobile positioning systems (MPS) are the backbone of location-based services, enabling everything from real-time navigation and rideshare tracking to emergency response coordination and geofencing in retail. As smartphones, IoT devices, and connected infrastructure proliferate, the strategic relevance of mobile positioning is accelerating across both consumer and industrial domains.

 

In recent years, we’ve seen a major shift in how mobile devices interact with the environment. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) used to dominate, but reliance is now moving toward hybrid positioning — combining satellite, Wi-Fi, cellular, Bluetooth, and inertial sensors to triangulate precise user location. This hybrid evolution is essential, especially in dense urban areas and indoor environments where satellite signals drop out or degrade.

 

Public safety and smart city programs are fueling much of the adoption, especially in Asia and North America. Governments are investing in positioning technology for mass transit systems, emergency services, and traffic optimization. At the same time, private players are embedding positioning engines into logistics, digital advertising, workforce mobility, and augmented reality platforms. Some telecom operators are even bundling positioning-as-a-service for enterprise clients.

 

There’s also a regulatory undertone driving urgency. Across the U.S., EU, and parts of Asia, governments are mandating more accurate location reporting for emergency calls. That’s pushing telecom providers and OS developers to upgrade core infrastructure to support sub-10 meter — or even sub-3 meter — accuracy.

 

On the technical front, the rise of 5G and edge computing is reshaping the playing field. With lower latency and denser cell towers, 5G networks offer centimeter -level accuracy in some test environments. And with mobile edge computing, real-time positioning no longer has to rely on cloud services, which is vital for use cases like autonomous vehicles or drone deliveries.

 

From a stakeholder perspective, this market cuts across telecom providers, chipset vendors, handset OEMs, infrastructure suppliers, and software platform developers. Each group plays a role in stitching together accurate, reliable, and low-latency positioning capabilities — often in collaborative ecosystems. Investors, too, are watching closely. With location intelligence becoming a monetization layer in everything from delivery services to gaming, MPS is increasingly seen as core infrastructure.

 

To be honest, mobile positioning used to be a passive feature — something tucked into a chipset or software stack. That’s changing fast. As spatial awareness becomes foundational to how digital systems behave, MPS is evolving into a standalone market category with strategic significance.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The mobile positioning system market is structured around how location data is acquired, processed, and applied across industries. While the core function is always to determine device or user location, the mechanics — and commercial priorities — vary significantly by segment. Here's a breakdown of how the market is typically segmented.

By Technology

This is the most foundational layer of segmentation. It defines how positioning data is collected and the infrastructure involved.

• Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): Still dominant for outdoor navigation, especially in transportation, logistics, and consumer apps. Includes GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou.

• Cellular-Based Positioning: Uses signal triangulation between mobile towers, now enhanced with 5G capabilities. Vital for real-time location tracking in smart cities and emergency services.

• Wi-Fi and Bluetooth-Based Positioning: Growing rapidly for indoor use cases — especially in malls, hospitals, and airports — where satellite signals are unreliable.

• Inertial and Sensor-Assisted Positioning: Embedded sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes fill in gaps when GPS or network-based signals are weak. Often used in hybrid setups.

Cellular-based positioning accounts for nearly 34% of market share in 2024, driven by the rapid rollout of 5G infrastructure and its role in enabling hyper-accurate location services.

 

By Application

Application areas reflect how industries are turning spatial data into business outcomes.

• Navigation and Mapping Services: The most visible category, powering apps like Google Maps, Waze, and Apple Maps.

• Fleet and Asset Tracking: Used by logistics, shipping, and field services for route optimization and vehicle monitoring.

• Location-Based Advertising: Retailers, app developers, and digital marketers use real-time positioning to target users with hyperlocal content and offers.

• Emergency Services and Public Safety: Governments and telecoms use MPS to improve response times and comply with E911 or eCall regulations.

• Augmented Reality (AR) and Gaming: AR applications rely on precise positioning to place digital objects in real-world environments. A key use case for sensor fusion and edge-based location processing.

Fleet tracking and location-based advertising are expected to grow the fastest over the next six years, largely due to the rise of e-commerce logistics and the push for personalization in mobile marketing.

 

By End User

Different organizations deploy mobile positioning systems for vastly different goals — from monetization to compliance.

• Telecom Operators: Implement MPS at the network level to support subscriber services, regulatory mandates, and value-added enterprise solutions.

• Smartphone OEMs and Chipset Vendors: Integrate advanced positioning hardware and algorithms directly into devices.

• Transportation & Logistics Companies: Use real-time location data for delivery coordination, fuel savings, and customer transparency.

• Retail & Media Enterprises: Leverage MPS for customer targeting, footfall analysis, and in-store navigation.

• Government Agencies and Emergency Response Units: Utilize positioning for national security, disaster response, and civil safety networks.

While telecom operators remain foundational, logistics firms are becoming major buyers as they scale MPS for fleet-wide visibility and predictive delivery.

 

By Region

The geographic segmentation aligns with infrastructure maturity and regulatory pressure.

• North America: Leading in regulatory adoption and hybrid positioning rollouts.

• Europe: Strong on public safety mandates and indoor navigation use cases.

• Asia Pacific: Fastest-growing, driven by urbanization, 5G rollouts, and rising mobile-first economies like India, China, and Indonesia.

• LAMEA (Latin America, Middle East, Africa): Lagging in infrastructure but showing traction via smart city projects and telecom expansion.

From a forecast perspective, the Asia Pacific region is expected to account for over 38% of market growth through 2030 — primarily due to 5G-led deployments and the rise of local OEMs bundling location services as part of broader digital infrastructure.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The mobile positioning system market is no longer just about GPS modules and mapping apps. It’s evolving into a layered technology ecosystem — one where accuracy, responsiveness, and contextual awareness are becoming strategic differentiators. Over the next few years, three innovation vectors will reshape this space: hybridization, hyper-precision, and AI-enhanced location intelligence.

Hybrid Positioning is Becoming the New Standard

GNSS alone isn’t cutting it anymore — especially in indoor, underground, or high-rise urban environments. The market is rapidly shifting toward hybrid positioning systems that combine GNSS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ultra-wideband (UWB), and cellular signals. These multi-layered systems switch dynamically based on signal strength, device type, and physical context.

Smartphones and wearables are already embedding this capability. One example: a location engine that starts with GPS outdoors, switches to Wi-Fi indoors, and uses motion sensors in an elevator or basement. For enterprises, this means better asset tracking. For consumers, it enables uninterrupted service across environments.

 

5G and UWB Are Pushing Accuracy to the Centimeter Level

Next-gen networks are raising the bar. With 5G’s dense tower infrastructure and low-latency architecture, mobile networks can deliver sub-meter — even centimeter -level — location accuracy in urban areas. This matters for use cases like autonomous vehicles, real-time drone navigation, and industrial robotics.

Ultra-wideband (UWB), another fast-rising tech, is being adopted by smartphone OEMs and IoT vendors for precise short-range tracking. UWB’s ability to measure time-of-flight with extreme accuracy is making it the go- to choice for high-value asset localization — whether it’s in hospitals, warehouses, or smart homes.

Several handset makers are now shipping UWB-enabled phones that can locate other devices or objects within 10–20 cm, making room-level spatial awareness a reality.

 

Indoor Positioning Systems Are Gaining Enterprise Attention

Retailers, hospitals, airports, and factories are investing in indoor positioning systems (IPS) to gain visibility where GPS fails. BLE beacons, Wi-Fi RTT (Round Trip Time), and visual SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technologies are powering these setups. The business case is clear: enhanced customer experience, improved asset utilization, and time savings.

Large venues are also pairing IPS with mobile apps for wayfinding, queue management, or location-triggered notifications — an emerging area where MPS and customer experience platforms converge.

 

AI is Driving Predictive and Contextual Location Intelligence

Raw coordinates aren’t enough anymore. Companies want predictive location data — where someone is likely to go, how long they’ll stay, and what their next action might be. AI and machine learning models are being layered onto location feeds to detect patterns, forecast behavior, and trigger actions.

For instance, logistics platforms now use AI to adjust delivery routes based on predicted traffic and past delays. Retailers use location data to optimize store layouts based on customer movement heatmaps.

We’re seeing the early rise of “location foresight” — not just knowing where someone is, but anticipating where they’re going and why.

 

Edge Processing is Reducing Latency and Enhancing Privacy

Instead of constantly pinging the cloud, new mobile positioning systems are processing location data at the edge — on the device or at local network nodes. This speeds up response time and enhances privacy, which is critical for healthcare, defense, and personal data applications. Apple and Google are both leaning into on-device positioning calculations as a privacy-first model.

 

Innovation Through Partnerships is Accelerating

Cross-industry collaboration is now a driver of positioning innovation. Telecoms are partnering with location analytics firms. Retail platforms are integrating IPS vendors. Automotive OEMs are co-developing vehicle-based GNSS+UWB stacks. These collaborations are shrinking development timelines and creating bundled value propositions.

In short, the innovation landscape in MPS is no longer about adding features — it’s about enabling new spatial behaviors , reducing friction, and creating monetizable insights across sectors.

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

The mobile positioning system market doesn’t operate like a traditional hardware space. Instead, it's a fast-shifting mix of infrastructure providers, platform players, OEMs, and niche innovators — all competing to control different layers of the location value chain. While some focus on enabling ultra-accurate positioning, others monetize the insights location data provides. The real competition? It's about owning the context around a user's location, not just the coordinates.

Qualcomm

As the go-to chipset supplier for mobile and IoT devices, Qualcomm plays a foundational role. Its Snapdragon platforms now integrate multi-constellation GNSS support with sensor fusion, AI-based location refinement, and native support for 5G positioning features. The company is also working closely with telecoms to enable assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) and carrier-based location services — especially for E911 compliance and enterprise-grade fleet tracking.

What sets Qualcomm apart is its vertical reach — from silicon to services — and its role in defining positioning standards across Android ecosystems.

 

Broadcom

Known for high-precision GNSS chips, Broadcom has pushed innovation in dual-frequency GPS for mobile phones. Their solutions offer better accuracy in dense urban areas by using both L1 and L5 signals. Broadcom is widely adopted in premium smartphones and automotive applications, and is expanding toward centimeter -level accuracy tools for industrial IoT and agriculture use cases.

 

Google

While not a hardware player, Google is arguably the most influential software layer in mobile positioning. Through its Android operating system, Google controls how millions of apps access location data. The company has also built a powerful location API stack (Fused Location Provider) that integrates GPS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and sensor data.

Google Maps Platform serves enterprise customers with real-time tracking, geofencing, and routing solutions. Meanwhile, the company’s work on Visual Positioning System (VPS) for indoor navigation points to its long-term intent: dominate not just location, but spatial understanding.

 

Apple

Apple has taken a privacy-first, hardware-software integrated approach to positioning. From UWB in AirTags to its implementation of Precise Location in iOS, Apple controls the full positioning stack. Its Find My ecosystem, for example, uses encrypted crowdsourced location data from millions of Apple devices without exposing user identity.

Apple is also working on ARKit -based spatial tracking that fuses motion sensors with location data, targeting future AR/VR applications. In enterprise and personal use, this holistic control creates unmatched positioning precision and user trust.

 

HERE Technologies

A long-standing player in digital mapping and location platforms, HERE offers enterprise-grade MPS solutions for automotive, logistics, telecoms, and urban mobility. Unlike Google, HERE licenses its platform more openly to OEMs and developers, making it a preferred partner in B2B navigation and telematics.

The company is investing in real-time HD maps for autonomous driving and indoor positioning infrastructure for retail and transport hubs.

 

Skyhook Wireless

Skyhook specializes in Wi-Fi and cellular-based positioning systems, particularly for devices that can't rely on GNSS. Their hybrid location engine is used in wearables, IoT trackers, and rugged devices in logistics and defense. Skyhook also differentiates through its emphasis on privacy compliance and offline location capabilities.

 

U- Blox

Focused on industrial and automotive-grade positioning modules, u- blox delivers chipsets and modules that offer multi-band GNSS, dead reckoning, and sensor fusion. The company is widely used in autonomous machinery, precision agriculture, and logistics robotics.

U- blox’s strength lies in reliability and ruggedness — less flashy than smartphones, but vital for mission-critical positioning.

 

Competitive Dynamics at a Glance

• Tech giants like Google and Apple dominate the consumer-facing layer of positioning.

• Chipset leaders Qualcomm and Broadcom control the hardware enablers of mobile precision.

• Platform providers like HERE and Skyhook monetize at the service level — especially in industrial use cases.

• Niche players like u- blox serve critical B2B and embedded markets often ignored by large consumer brands.

To be honest, this market doesn’t reward being “the best GPS chip.” It rewards integration — the ability to offer positioning that works seamlessly across environments, devices, and regulations. That’s where the real edge lies.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

The mobile positioning system market may be global in technology, but its adoption patterns vary wildly by region — driven not just by infrastructure, but by regulation, urban density, and local business models. In some countries, MPS is a backbone for public safety. In others, it’s still a tool for delivery tracking or digital ads. Understanding these regional nuances is key to spotting where the next wave of demand will come from.

North America

This region remains the most mature MPS market — largely because of its early investment in GPS infrastructure and strict regulatory mandates. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires mobile operators to deliver increasingly accurate location data for emergency services (E911), which has pushed telecoms to adopt hybrid and 5G-based positioning technologies.

At the same time, North America is a hub for commercial innovation in MPS. Rideshare apps, on-demand delivery, geotargeted advertising, and AR-based gaming all thrive here. As 5G continues to expand across urban and suburban areas, positioning use cases are getting more precise — from indoor retail analytics to drone corridor navigation.

Cities like New York and Los Angeles are piloting location-aware traffic systems that use mobile data to reduce congestion in real time — a sign of where the ecosystem is heading.

 

Europe

Europe shares many of the same capabilities as North America, but with a stronger emphasis on privacy and public infrastructure. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has forced companies to rethink how they collect and store location data, driving demand for on-device processing and anonymized positioning engines.

Europe is also leading in terms of indoor positioning deployments, especially in transportation hubs and public buildings. The European Union’s Galileo satellite system — a rival to GPS — provides an extra layer of independence and redundancy, giving EU-based providers more flexibility.

There’s strong growth in logistics, industrial automation, and healthcare — especially in Germany, France, and the Nordics — where indoor/outdoor positioning fusion is enabling new workflows.

 

Asia Pacific

No other region is scaling mobile positioning systems faster than Asia Pacific. The reasons are straightforward: massive mobile user bases, aggressive 5G rollouts, and government-backed smart city programs. Countries like China, South Korea, India, and Japan are pouring resources into location infrastructure — both for public safety and commercial optimization.

In China, BeiDou (the local GNSS constellation) has been fully deployed and is now integrated into everything from ride-hailing to precision agriculture. South Korea’s telecom providers are bundling ultra-precise location services as part of their enterprise 5G packages. India is investing in its own regional navigation system ( NavIC ), which is being adopted by domestic smartphone OEMs and government agencies.

Indoor positioning is catching up fast here too, especially in mega-malls, airports, and metro stations — with a surge in BLE beacon networks and sensor-fusion software.

One telco in Indonesia recently launched a pilot where real-time bus tracking and footfall analytics were rolled into a public dashboard for local governments — a template that could scale across the region.

 

Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (LAMEA)

This is the most uneven region for MPS adoption — but also one of the most promising in terms of growth. In Latin America, countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Chile are seeing a surge in demand for location-based services driven by ecommerce logistics and mobile banking. Local telecoms are starting to deploy hybrid location platforms to support urban delivery networks and smart transit systems.

In the Middle East, especially in the UAE and Saudi Arabia, smart city investments are pushing rapid deployment of 5G-enabled positioning systems. These countries are prioritizing real-time navigation, autonomous mobility pilots, and emergency response platforms — all of which require low-latency, high-accuracy location infrastructure.

Africa presents a mixed picture. While MPS infrastructure is limited in rural areas, mobile-first innovation is accelerating adoption. Startups are using mobile location data for everything from malaria outbreak tracking to geofenced farming subsidies. In urban centers like Nairobi or Lagos, demand is rising for ride-hailing, mobile commerce, and delivery tracking — all of which rely on accurate mobile positioning.

 

Key Regional Takeaways

• North America is regulation-led and infrastructure-rich — setting standards for accuracy and integration.

• Europe is privacy-conscious and platform-diverse — driving innovation in indoor positioning and device-based intelligence.

• Asia Pacific is scaling the fastest — where volume, velocity, and vertical integration meet.

• LAMEA is still catching up — but localized use cases and public-private partnerships are sparking momentum.

To be fair, positioning isn’t just a feature — it’s becoming public infrastructure. And the regions that treat it that way are pulling ahead.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

In the mobile positioning system market, end users span industries — but their expectations couldn’t be more different. Some want centimeter -level accuracy for autonomous operations. Others just need fast, reliable location pings to improve customer experience. What unifies them is the rising reliance on spatial intelligence as a core enabler, not just a background feature.

Telecom Operators

For mobile network providers, MPS is both a regulatory obligation and a commercial asset. On one hand, they must meet location accuracy mandates for emergency services like E911 (U.S.) or eCall (EU). On the other, they’re increasingly offering “location-as-a-service” to enterprise clients.

Many are investing in hybrid positioning platforms that fuse cellular, GNSS, and Wi-Fi data, hosted at the edge. These systems not only reduce latency but also support advanced use cases like geofencing for delivery platforms, employee tracking for field teams, or footfall analytics for malls.

 

Transportation and Logistics Companies

This is arguably the most mature vertical in terms of location tech adoption. Whether it’s fleet management, cargo visibility, or predictive ETA calculation — logistics firms rely heavily on accurate, uninterrupted positioning.

With the rise of last-mile delivery, especially in urban areas, logistics players are shifting to platforms that provide real-time tracking down to the city block or building entrance. And in cross-border shipping, mobile positioning systems are now integrated with customs, warehouse, and handover protocols — reducing friction across the supply chain.

One large courier company in the U.S. recently rolled out a mobile-based geolocation engine to confirm doorstep delivery within a 3-meter radius — reducing false “failed delivery” claims by nearly 40%.

 

Retail and Advertising Platforms

Brick-and-mortar retailers and app-based platforms are using location to bring digital precision to physical spaces. Through BLE beacons, Wi-Fi triangulation, and GPS overlays, they now push context-aware ads or coupons based on in-store movement or nearby presence.

Location-based advertising platforms also use MPS data to build user profiles — not just where someone is, but where they’ve been and how often. It’s a data goldmine, but comes with growing scrutiny around privacy, consent, and anonymization.

 

Emergency and Public Safety Agencies

In this segment, the stakes are different. It’s not about customer engagement — it’s about saving lives. Agencies require mobile positioning systems that deliver accurate, real-time location even in poor signal environments.

To meet this need, governments are collaborating with telcos and OS providers to implement next-gen emergency location services. These combine A-GPS, Wi-Fi RTT, and motion sensors to pinpoint callers with increasing precision — including vertical (z-axis) location for high-rise buildings.

 

Consumer Tech and App Developers

For app developers, MPS is often embedded deep in the product logic — enabling everything from ride-hailing and dating apps to fitness tracking and navigation. The key requirement here is consistency: location that’s fast, battery-efficient, and works across environments.

This group is driving demand for cross-platform APIs and low-power location SDKs. Many are also using predictive models that can estimate future movement to pre-fetch data or suggest actions.

 

Use Case Highlight

A regional airport in Southeast Asia struggled with passenger flow bottlenecks during peak hours. Traditional signage wasn’t working, and mobile apps showed poor location accuracy inside terminals. The airport deployed an indoor mobile positioning system using Wi-Fi RTT and BLE beacons, integrated into its passenger app.

Now, travelers can see turn-by-turn directions to gates, lounges, or baggage claim — with real-time wait time alerts. The same system feeds operational data to airport staff, helping them adjust staffing or open overflow lanes proactively.

Since launch, passenger complaints about navigation dropped by 60%, and average gate arrival times improved by 12%. It wasn’t just a tech upgrade — it changed how people moved through the space.

 

Bottom Line

End-user needs in this market are complex and often conflicting. A public agency might value reliability and compliance. A retailer wants monetizable insights. A logistics firm is focused on precision and uptime. The MPS vendors that thrive are the ones who can serve all three — with modular, scalable, and privacy-aware solutions.

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

The mobile positioning system market has entered a phase of accelerated innovation, where developments are no longer limited to satellite or chip improvements. From software-driven intelligence to vertical-specific solutions, the last two years have seen a wave of technical and strategic moves that are quietly reshaping the market.

Recent Developments (Last 2 Years)

• Apple enhanced its ultra-wideband (UWB) capabilities in iPhones and AirTags by expanding compatibility with third-party apps, enabling precise object tracking down to 10–15 centimeters indoors.

• Google began rolling out its Indoor Live View feature in major transit hubs and malls across select U.S. and European cities, integrating AR and VPS (Visual Positioning System) for real-time indoor navigation.

• HERE Technologies launched a new hybrid positioning SDK in 2023, allowing developers to integrate cellular, Wi-Fi, and BLE data for improved indoor tracking — targeting logistics, airports, and retail venues.

• Qualcomm introduced the Snapdragon Location Suite 2.0, combining multi-band GNSS, sensor fusion, and 5G-based positioning for next-gen automotive and wearable applications.

• U.S. FCC mandated that all mobile carriers support z-axis location accuracy (vertical positioning) for emergency calls in multi-story buildings by 2025, accelerating demand for advanced sensor-based solutions.

 

Opportunities

• Precision in 5G and UWB Environments: As 5G infrastructure scales, there’s rising potential for ultra-low-latency, high-accuracy positioning across use cases like autonomous transport, robotic delivery, and AR/VR.

• Indoor Navigation Expansion: Malls, airports, hospitals, and large venues are investing in indoor positioning systems — a segment expected to grow rapidly as BLE, Wi-Fi RTT, and sensor fusion improve accessibility and ROI.

• Emerging Markets and Urban Expansion: Developing countries with rising smartphone penetration and smart city programs are becoming hotspots for MPS investments, especially in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.

 

Restraints

• Privacy and Regulatory Uncertainty: As governments tighten rules around data sharing and consent, especially in Europe and North America, developers and platform providers must constantly update location handling protocols.

• High Infrastructure Costs for Indoor Systems: While GNSS is relatively plug-and-play, advanced indoor positioning requires dense deployments of beacons, sensors, and calibration — making it cost-prohibitive for smaller facilities.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 10.2 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 18.1 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 10.1% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Technology, Application, End User, Geography
By Technology	GNSS, Cellular-Based Positioning, Wi-Fi & Bluetooth, Inertial/Sensor-Based
By Application	Navigation & Mapping, Fleet Tracking, Location-Based Advertising, Emergency Services, AR & Gaming
By End User	Telecom Operators, OEMs, Transportation & Logistics, Retail, Public Safety Agencies
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., Canada, Germany, U.K., China, India, Japan, Brazil, UAE, South Africa
Market Drivers	- Expansion of 5G and UWB - Rising demand for real-time location intelligence - Indoor navigation investment from retail, healthcare, and transport sectors
Customization Option	Available upon request