OBD Telematics Market By Offering (Hardware, Software & Services); By Communication Type (Cellular, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, Satellite/Hybrid); By Vehicle Type (Passenger Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Heavy Commercial Vehicles); By Application (Fleet Management, Usage-Based Insurance, Predictive Maintenance, Diagnostics, Stolen Vehicle Recovery); By End User (Fleet Operators, Insurance Providers, Individual Consumers, OEMs, Government Agencies); By Geography, Segment Revenue Estimation, Forecast, 2024–2030

Introduction And Strategic Context

The Global OBD Telematics Market is projected to grow at a robust CAGR of 13.1% , starting from USD 6.2 billion in 2024 and expected to reach USD 12.9 billion by 2030 , according to Strategic Market Research.

 

At its core, OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) telematics blends real-time vehicle data with cloud-based analytics to monitor driver behavior, vehicle health, and fleet performance. Originally designed to flag emissions and mechanical faults, OBD systems have evolved into intelligence hubs that underpin everything from insurance pricing models to predictive maintenance schedules.

 

Between 2024 and 2030, this market is being pulled in two directions — tighter emissions and safety regulations on one hand, and explosive growth in connected mobility on the other. Governments across North America, Europe, and Asia are mandating more transparent vehicle diagnostics, especially for commercial fleets. Meanwhile, consumer expectations for connected services are rising — even among owners of legacy internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.

 

What’s fueling the urgency? Cost pressure and liability risk. Insurers want data to price premiums more fairly. Fleet operators want to reduce downtime and avoid non-compliance fines. And OEMs — especially in Asia and Europe — are looking for new revenue streams beyond vehicle sales. OBD dongles and software platforms are becoming that wedge.

 

What’s changed recently is the way OBD telematics is perceived — it's no longer “just for fleet trucks .” It's being deployed across rental fleets, personal vehicles, rideshare fleets, delivery vans, and even government transit vehicles . And thanks to plug-and-play architecture, deployment costs have dropped sharply.

 

Another major catalyst? The API economy. OBD data is now being funneled into broader ecosystems: usage-based insurance (UBI), EV charging optimization, mobile repair services, and smart city traffic systems. That opens the door for cross-sector partnerships that didn’t exist five years ago.

 

Key stakeholders in this market span across:

• Telematics platform providers building dashboards, alerts, and real-time analytics tools

• Automotive OEMs and aftermarket hardware suppliers who integrate plug-in or embedded OBD devices

• Fleet operators and logistics providers optimizing costs and uptime

• Insurance companies moving toward pay-how-you-drive models

• Municipal and regulatory agencies enforcing emissions and safety compliance

• Investors and mobility startups betting on data monetization from connected vehicles

To be honest, this market used to be defined by compliance. Now it's defined by opportunity. The data flowing through OBD ports is powering a new layer of services — and whoever controls that data will shape the future of vehicle intelligence.

 

Market Segmentation And Forecast Scope

The OBD telematics market stretches across a wide spectrum of technologies, use cases, and users — each reflecting different priorities like compliance, cost-efficiency, or service innovation. Below is the inferred segmentation used to define the forecast scope from 2024 to 2030.

By Type of Offering

• Hardware (OBD Devices )
  Includes plug-in dongles, Bluetooth adapters, and embedded systems. These are typically installed into the OBD-II port and capture vehicle data points — from engine diagnostics to GPS location. Hardware still represents a sizable share of the market, but growth is slowing compared to services.

• Software & Services
  This includes cloud-based platforms, mobile apps, analytics dashboards, API integrations, and subscription-based services. The rise of AI-powered diagnostics and real-time driver behavior tracking is driving this segment’s expansion.

Inferred insight: Software and services are the fastest-growing segment, expected to account for over 56% of market revenue by 2030 as monetization shifts away from hardware sales.

 

By Communication Type

• Cellular (3G/4G/5G-enabled devices )
  Dominates most high-end and fleet deployments, offering real-time diagnostics, location tracking, and remote firmware updates.

• Bluetooth/Wi-Fi
  Popular in consumer OBD devices, often linked to smartphone apps. These are cost-effective but lack continuous connectivity.

• Satellite and Hybrid Communication
  Used in remote fleet operations, especially in mining, military, and inter-regional logistics where cellular access is unreliable.

While Bluetooth OBD tools are popular for DIY users, cellular-based OBD telematics is the clear favorite for enterprise and fleet applications.

 

By Vehicle Type

• Passenger Vehicles
  Used primarily for driver scoring, predictive maintenance alerts, and insurance-linked programs. Demand is growing, especially in urban regions with rising used car ownership.

• Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs )
  Include delivery vans, service fleets, and rideshare vehicles. These are the fastest adopters of plug-and-play OBD telematics due to cost sensitivity and volume usage.

• Heavy Commercial Vehicles (HCVs )
  Trucks, buses, and long-haul fleets rely heavily on OBD platforms for fuel tracking, route optimization, and regulatory compliance.

In 2024, LCVs account for nearly 42% of total OBD telematics deployments — driven by e-commerce logistics and regional last-mile delivery demand.

 

By Application

• Fleet Management

• Usage-Based Insurance (UBI)

• Predictive Maintenance

• Vehicle Diagnostics and Emissions Monitoring

• Stolen Vehicle Recovery and Driver Behavior Analysis

Fleet management remains the dominant use case. But UBI and predictive maintenance are closing the gap — especially in urban and emerging markets.

 

By End User

• Fleet Operators

• Insurance Providers

• Vehicle Owners (Consumers)

• Automotive OEMs and Dealerships

• Government and Municipal Transit Authorities

Each of these end users engages with OBD data differently. For example, insurers focus on risk modeling, while governments use it to enforce emissions and roadworthiness standards.

 

By Region

• North America

• Europe

• Asia Pacific

• Latin America

• Middle East & Africa

Regions are evolving differently. North America and Europe lead in regulatory-driven adoption. Asia Pacific is catching up fast, thanks to booming vehicle volumes and mobile-first usage patterns.

Scope Note This segmentation goes beyond hardware units sold. It includes recurring service revenues, white-labeled API platforms, and embedded OBD telematics from OEMs. Forecasts account for both retrofit (aftermarket) and factory-installed deployments.

To sum it up: The real growth story isn't just about devices — it's about the services that surround them.

 

Market Trends And Innovation Landscape

The OBD telematics market isn’t just expanding — it’s transforming. What began as a diagnostic plug is now a critical node in the connected vehicle ecosystem. Between 2024 and 2030, the market is being shaped by three dominant forces: smarter data usage, tighter regulation, and rising customer expectations for connectivity and control.

AI-Powered Predictive Maintenance Is Becoming Standard

The shift from reactive diagnostics to predictive analytics is redefining fleet management. OBD systems now feed real-time engine data into AI models that can forecast:

• Brake pad wear

• Transmission failure

• Battery health

• Emission anomalies

One fleet analytics startup noted that its predictive alerts reduced vehicle downtime by 18% across midsize commercial fleets. For logistics companies, that’s not just operationally helpful — it’s a direct cost-saver.

 

Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) Is Driving Data Monetization

Insurers are leaning into OBD telematics to replace generalized risk pools with individual behavior scoring. Acceleration, cornering, idle time, and nighttime driving patterns are being tracked and scored in real time.

Companies offering plug-in OBD devices linked to insurance discounts are gaining traction in the U.S., U.K., and parts of Asia. This model is particularly popular among:

• Young drivers

• Urban commuters

• Low-mileage users

An executive at a major insurer in Canada stated, “The shift to behavior-based pricing has cut claims costs and made our offerings more attractive to millennials.”

 

Next-Gen Dongles Are Shrinking and Multiplying

Today’s OBD hardware is smaller, smarter, and often invisible. Several vendors are moving toward chipset-embedded telematics , bypassing the dongle altogether.

Also trending:

• Dual-channel systems (for diagnostics and infotainment)

• Devices with embedded SIMs (no smartphone tethering required)

• CAN bus integration with more vehicle systems

These miniaturized devices are enabling OEMs to offer telematics as a factory-fitted service, not just an aftermarket option.

 

Integration with EV Platforms Is Accelerating

As EV sales rise, OBD telematics is adapting. While traditional combustion engines offered hundreds of fault codes, EVs generate different types of diagnostic signals — from battery temperature to charge cycle analysis .

EV-specific telematics tools now focus on:

• Range prediction

• Charging station analytics

• Real-time battery diagnostics

Several companies are integrating OBD telematics with EV charging networks to optimize fleet routing and reduce energy waste.

 

Telematics APIs Are Fueling a New B2B Ecosystem

Instead of siloed software, modern OBD platforms expose their data via APIs — allowing insurers, mobility platforms, repair services, and even municipalities to plug into vehicle intelligence.

This is giving rise to:

• Driver scoring platforms for rental and leasing

• Predictive servicing partnerships with garages

• Traffic flow optimization models for urban planners

Put simply, telematics is becoming a data product — and that’s unlocking entirely new monetization paths.

 

Edge Analytics and Privacy Controls Are Getting Stronger

With privacy concerns rising, vendors are now offering edge-processing OBD devices that anonymize and process data locally before sending summaries to the cloud.

This means less raw GPS or driving behavior data is transmitted — a crucial factor for GDPR compliance in Europe and similar frameworks in Canada and Japan.

One OEM has even begun offering consumer-configurable data sharing levels, letting drivers choose what’s tracked and stored.

 

OEM-Aftermarket Collaboration Is On the Rise

Rather than compete, some automakers are now partnering with aftermarket telematics vendors. These hybrid models allow OEMs to monetize legacy vehicles while tapping into the service innovation of startups.

For example, a recent partnership in South Korea involved a ride-hailing firm, an OEM, and a diagnostics provider — all sharing OBD-based data streams to reduce fuel consumption and streamline vehicle servicing.

Bottom line: OBD telematics is evolving from hardware-based diagnostics into a cloud-native, service-first ecosystem — and the winners will be those who can turn data into decisions at scale.

 

Competitive Intelligence And Benchmarking

While dozens of companies touch the OBD telematics value chain, only a few are defining where the market is headed. From full-stack telematics providers to specialized hardware makers and analytics startups, this is a space where integration, adaptability, and data ownership matter more than price.

Let’s break down how key players are competing — and where they’re pulling ahead.

Geotab

Geotab has carved out a leadership position in the fleet-focused OBD telematics segment. Their plug-and-play devices are paired with a proprietary cloud dashboard that supports:

• Real-time diagnostics

• Driver behavior scoring

• Regulatory compliance (e.g., ELD, DVIR)

Their differentiator? Scalability and open platform design . Geotab’s system supports API integrations with insurance firms, smart city programs, and third-party analytics engines — making it attractive to municipalities and enterprise fleets alike.

In the past 18 months, Geotab has expanded into Europe and Latin America aggressively, especially in logistics-heavy regions like Germany and Brazil.

 

Verizon Connect

Part of Verizon’s broader enterprise services portfolio, Verizon Connect uses its telecom backbone to deliver a fully integrated OBD telematics solution for small to large fleets. It bundles:

• OBD hardware

• LTE connectivity

• Mobile apps and cloud dashboards

The key edge here is network reliability . Verizon’s ability to maintain consistent, high-speed data streams in real time has made it a favorite among U.S.-based logistics firms.

Also notable: Verizon has added AI-based video telematics , allowing dashcam footage to sync with OBD event data — useful for post-incident liability reviews.

 

TomTom Telematics (now Bridgestone Mobility Solutions)

After being acquired by Bridgestone, TomTom Telematics has shifted focus toward connected maintenance and predictive repair . Their OBD offerings are now bundled with tire analytics, fuel optimization, and EV readiness tools.

Their competitive strength lies in European compliance and localization . Many fleet operators in the EU choose TomTom due to its tight integration with regional emissions rules and tax structures.

They’re also targeting EV fleet operators with custom analytics around range, regenerative braking, and battery degradation .

 

Zubie

Zubie started in consumer telematics but has successfully pivoted toward rental fleets and franchise auto dealerships . Their white-labeled solutions provide:

• Vehicle health monitoring

• Trip history reports

• Theft prevention alerts

Zubie’s modular pricing and mobile-first design have made them popular among mid-market users who don’t want a full enterprise dashboard but need reliable data.

One rental car chain in Florida uses Zubie to manage its entire fleet — tracking idle time, unauthorized trips, and maintenance cycles via smartphone alerts.

 

OCTO Telematics

OCTO specializes in insurance telematics . They’ve built deep partnerships with insurers across Italy, the U.K., and Latin America. Their plug-in OBD dongles are used to assess:

• Driving risk

• Crash detection

• FNOL (First Notification of Loss) automation

What sets OCTO apart is its data science capability . The company processes billions of miles of driving data to help underwriters refine their pricing models. Recently, they’ve introduced gamified driving apps to boost user engagement with policyholders.

 

Autonet Mobile

A lesser-known but rising player, Autonet focuses on OEM-integrated OBD platforms — working directly with carmakers to embed telematics into infotainment systems and connected maintenance offerings.

They’ve positioned themselves as the “middleware layer” between raw vehicle data and the consumer-facing app, particularly in North American SUVs and light trucks.

 

Competitive Landscape — Strategic Observations

• Full-stack platforms (like Geotab and Verizon Connect) are pulling ahead in commercial fleet deployments, where uptime and reporting depth are critical.

• Insurance-focused players (like OCTO) dominate in Europe and Latin America, where usage-based policies are growing fastest.

• Modular, white-label providers (like Zubie ) are gaining ground among rental agencies and small operators that want flexibility over feature bloat.

• OEM-integrated systems are still emerging but represent a long-term play for embedded revenue.

Here’s the thing: The next wave of competition isn’t about who makes the dongle — it’s about who owns the data and makes it useful. Interoperability, analytics, and user experience will define market leadership over the next five years.

 

Regional Landscape And Adoption Outlook

The OBD telematics market isn’t growing evenly across the globe. While some regions are mature and regulation-driven, others are just starting to realize the operational and compliance value of connected diagnostics. Adoption is heavily shaped by local vehicle density, fleet maturity, insurance models, and cellular infrastructure.

Let’s break it down by region.

North America

Still the largest and most advanced market for OBD telematics — especially in the U.S. , where a mix of regulatory push and commercial incentives keeps the sector moving.

• Fleet compliance with FMCSA (e.g., Electronic Logging Devices) has driven near-total adoption in long-haul trucking.

• Insurance telematics is mainstream, with usage-based premiums offered by most major carriers.

• Urban delivery fleets and rideshare operators are expanding use of plug-and-play OBD tools for driver tracking and fuel optimization.

Canada mirrors many U.S. trends, but adoption is slower in remote regions where cellular connectivity remains a constraint.

In this region, the competitive edge lies in integrated platforms and service bundling — not hardware cost.

 

Europe

Europe’s telematics story is driven more by regulation and emissions enforcement than pure commercial optimization.

• Countries like Germany, France, and the U.K. have strict vehicle inspection and reporting requirements.

• UBI adoption is higher than in North America — particularly in southern Europe (Italy, Spain), where insurers have pioneered pay-per-use models.

• Eastern Europe is emerging as a low-cost retrofit market , especially for small and mid-sized fleets transitioning to digital systems.

EV telematics is also gaining momentum in Scandinavia and the Netherlands , where OBD data is used to monitor battery health and support grid integration.

Localization is everything in Europe — vendors that customize analytics and dashboards to regional tax laws and compliance needs are outperforming global providers.

 

Asia Pacific

This is the fastest-growing region for OBD telematics — thanks to a surge in vehicle ownership, e-commerce-driven logistics, and digital-first consumer behavior.

• China and India lead in absolute vehicle numbers, but they differ in adoption models.

• In China , OEM-installed telematics are growing faster than aftermarket devices, with many automakers building app ecosystems directly.

• In India , the focus is on cost-effective plug-in devices for delivery fleets and urban logistics.

• South Korea and Japan are further ahead in integrating OBD data into EV platforms and smart city networks.

Startups across Southeast Asia are offering low-cost OBD kits bundled with fleet insurance or maintenance apps, especially in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines.

Asia’s advantage? Scale and software fluency. Providers here are skipping traditional dashboards and going mobile-only — often via WhatsApp-style interfaces.

 

Latin America

This region presents a mixed adoption curve — rapid uptake in metros, but slower movement in rural or underbanked areas.

• Brazil and Mexico are leading adopters. Government-backed fleet digitization programs and commercial delivery growth are driving OBD usage.

• Smaller markets like Chile and Colombia are catching up, aided by ride-hailing fleets and mobile insurers offering driver-behavior-linked policies.

Crime prevention is also a driver here — many OBD devices are used for vehicle tracking and theft recovery , not just diagnostics.

In Latin America, success often hinges on offline support, local repair networks, and multi-language dashboards.

 

Middle East & Africa

Still nascent but not stagnant . Several Gulf countries are pushing digitized fleet management and emissions control as part of national modernization plans.

• UAE and Saudi Arabia are funding smart mobility programs where OBD devices play a part in compliance and analytics.

• In Africa , adoption is spotty — limited by cost, connectivity, and the dominance of used vehicle imports with inconsistent OBD standards.

That said, taxis, transit buses, and school fleets in countries like South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya are adopting telematics — often bundled with safety and anti-theft features.

Across this region, hybrid (offline + cloud) telematics solutions and ruggedized hardware are essential for market viability.

 

Summary of Regional Trends

Region	Key Adoption Driver	Growth Outlook
North America	Regulatory compliance, insurance telematics	Stable, mature
Europe	Emissions standards, UBI penetration	Moderate, policy-led
Asia Pacific	Fleet expansion, mobile innovation	Fastest-growing
Latin America	Fleet security, urban logistics	Emerging mid-market
Middle East & Africa	Government-backed digitization	Early-stage, opportunity-driven

Here’s the catch: Hardware sells once. But service revenue lasts years. The regions that win in OBD telematics will be the ones where cloud infrastructure and digital literacy support long-term service engagement.

 

End-User Dynamics And Use Case

The OBD telematics market serves a wide range of users — but each with very different priorities. From large logistics fleets to consumer vehicle owners, the value lies not just in accessing data, but in using it to make real-time, high-impact decisions.

Let’s break down how different user types engage with OBD systems — and what that means for vendors.

Fleet Operators (Commercial & Last-Mile Delivery)

This is the largest and most data-hungry user group. OBD telematics helps these organizations manage everything from asset utilization to compliance reporting.

Key priorities:

• Reducing fuel costs through driver behavior insights

• Preventing breakdowns via predictive maintenance

• Tracking vehicle location and route efficiency

• Logging hours of service ( HoS ) for compliance (in regions like the U.S. and EU)

Large logistics fleets are often early adopters, but smaller urban fleets — especially in last-mile delivery — are catching up fast, driven by e-commerce growth and regulatory pressure.

 

Insurance Providers

Insurers use OBD telematics for usage-based insurance (UBI), driver risk profiling, and claims management.

Applications include:

• Monitoring real-world driving behavior for premium pricing

• Immediate accident alerts (First Notification of Loss)

• Fraud detection and mileage verification

This group isn’t just using data — they’re monetizing it. UBI adoption is highest among younger and low-mileage drivers, making OBD platforms a competitive differentiator in auto insurance.

 

Individual Vehicle Owners / Consumers

DIY drivers, car enthusiasts, and budget-conscious owners are increasingly installing low-cost OBD dongles that sync with their phones.

They use it for:

• Basic engine diagnostics and fault code reading

• Trip history and mileage tracking

• Eco-driving coaching and maintenance reminders

Apps like Torque and FIXD have made consumer OBD use more accessible, but most still rely on simplified dashboards, not deep analytics.

 

OEMs and Dealerships

Automakers and dealerships are gradually embedding OBD-based telematics for:

• Post-sale service reminders

• Proactive maintenance campaigns

• Connected car services bundled into ownership packages

Some OEMs are even rolling out subscription-based diagnostics , where drivers can unlock features like real-time fault alerts or predictive servicing.

Dealerships are starting to see OBD tools as a retention strategy — keeping customers in the service loop beyond the sale.

 

Government and Public Transport Authorities

Municipalities and state agencies are turning to OBD systems for:

• Emissions compliance enforcement

• Fleet management of buses and utility vehicles

• Road safety and asset tracking

In some cases, OBD platforms are tied into city-wide mobility systems , allowing planners to optimize traffic flow or enforce low-emission zones.

 

Use Case Highlight: Urban Delivery Fleet in Southeast Asia

A fast-growing delivery startup in Jakarta was facing high vehicle turnover, erratic driving behavior, and unscheduled maintenance that cut into margins. The company deployed plug-and-play OBD devices across its 400-vehicle fleet.

Here’s what happened in 6 months:

• Fuel consumption dropped 11% due to real-time driver coaching

• Predictive maintenance alerts reduced breakdown incidents by 22%

• The company integrated OBD data into its delivery app, rerouting vehicles based on performance scores

The fleet manager noted that the ROI was visible in under 3 months, and driver attrition declined as reward systems were tied to safe driving data.

 

Key Insight

End-user needs in OBD telematics aren’t just technical — they’re operational. The best solutions are those that adapt to workflow, not the other way around. Whether it’s a massive fleet trying to reduce downtime or an individual driver trying to save on fuel, the winning platforms are flexible, intuitive, and insight-driven .

 

Recent Developments + Opportunities & Restraints

The OBD telematics market is moving quickly — with hardware miniaturization , cloud-native platforms , and AI-first services defining the competitive landscape. Over the last two years, several moves by insurers, fleet tech startups, and mobility platform integrators have accelerated the pace of innovation.

Recent Developments (2023–2025)

• Geotab introduced "Project Fusion" (2024) — a unified OBD platform allowing third-party developers to build custom analytics modules using real-time fleet data.

• TomTom Telematics (Bridgestone) launched an EV-compatible OBD suite (2025) with battery analytics and range prediction tools for hybrid fleets.

• OCTO Telematics partnered with a major U.K. insurer (2023) to roll out a usage-based insurance model for gig-economy drivers using plug-in OBD devices.

• Verizon Connect expanded video telematics (2024) — pairing dashcam AI with OBD triggers to improve claims handling and reduce driver dispute cases.

• Zubie integrated Google Maps route scoring (2024) — enabling fleet owners to rate delivery performance based on GPS-OBD blended data.

 

Opportunities

• Fleet Electrification
  As companies electrify their fleets, OBD telematics will be essential for battery diagnostics, charge scheduling, and performance optimization . EV-specific data sets are already being used to manage cold-weather range loss and battery cycling.

• UBI Expansion in Emerging Markets
  Countries like Brazil, India, and Indonesia are scaling up mobile-first car insurance models. OBD-based scoring tools, bundled with policy apps, can extend coverage to younger, underinsured populations .

• Embedded Telematics-as-a-Service ( TaaS )
  Automakers are beginning to monetize OBD data streams directly. Offering embedded services like maintenance alerts, vehicle health subscriptions, and roadside diagnostics will open new recurring revenue streams.

 

Restraints

• Hardware Compatibility and Legacy Vehicles
  While OBD-II has been standard in many markets since the mid-2000s, millions of vehicles (especially in Africa, South Asia, and Latin America) either lack a compliant port or offer limited data output. This slows adoption in price-sensitive regions.

• Data Privacy and Regulatory Complexity
  With increasing concern over driver surveillance, consent, and data ownership , some regions (notably the EU) are tightening restrictions on telematics platforms. Vendors must now build multi-level consent workflows and local data hosting infrastructure , increasing complexity and cost.

 

7.1. Report Coverage Table

Report Attribute	Details
Forecast Period	2024 – 2030
Market Size Value in 2024	USD 6.2 Billion
Revenue Forecast in 2030	USD 12.9 Billion
Overall Growth Rate	CAGR of 13.1% (2024 – 2030)
Base Year for Estimation	2024
Historical Data	2019 – 2023
Unit	USD Million, CAGR (2024 – 2030)
Segmentation	By Offering, Communication Type, Vehicle Type, Application, End User, Region
By Offering	Hardware (OBD Devices), Software & Services
By Communication Type	Cellular, Bluetooth/Wi-Fi, Satellite/Hybrid
By Vehicle Type	Passenger Vehicles, Light Commercial Vehicles, Heavy Commercial Vehicles
By Application	Fleet Management, UBI, Predictive Maintenance, Diagnostics, Stolen Vehicle Recovery
By End User	Fleet Operators, Insurance Providers, Individual Consumers, OEMs, Government Agencies
By Region	North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Country Scope	U.S., Canada, U.K., Germany, France, China, India, Japan, Brazil, South Korea, UAE, South Africa, etc.
Market Drivers	- Expansion of fleet digitization - Growing demand for usage-based insurance - AI-led vehicle health monitoring
Customization Option	Available upon request